Highly Experienced Biology Faculty | Concept-Based Learning | 9+ Years Teaching | Dr. Ashish Gupta (AIIMS PhD)

The Student and Tutor reviewed key concepts of the endocrine system, including the adrenal glands, thymus gland, and a detailed exploration of the pituitary gland's hormones and their functions. They also introduced cell biology, covering the five-kingdom classification and the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their internal structures and functions. The next session will continue with cell division.

The Tutor and Student reviewed various endocrine glands, including the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and thymus glands, detailing their hormones and functions. They also began discussing the pituitary gland, covering its anterior lobe hormones and their roles. Future sessions will cover posterior pituitary hormones, the pineal gland, and related disorders.

The Student began by reviewing the previous session's topics on chemical messengers, endocrine/exocrine glands, and the role of insulin and glucagon in blood glucose regulation, including the two types of diabetes. The Tutor then introduced the thyroid and parathyroid glands, explaining their hormones (T3, T4, calcitonin, PTH) and their roles in growth, metabolism, and calcium homeostasis. They concluded by discussing the multi-organ Vitamin D3 activation pathway and its critical link to calcium absorption. The next session will cover the remaining hormones.

The session covered the endocrine system, focusing on hormones as chemical messengers and the functions of major endocrine glands. The student and tutor discussed glucose homeostasis, detailing the roles of insulin and glucagon, and differentiating between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus based on insulin levels and receptor function. The next session will explore intracellular receptors in more detail.

The tutor and student reviewed the principles of double circulation, heart rate calculations, and the electrical conduction system of the heart involving nodal tissues like the SA node. They also discussed various cardiovascular conditions such as cardiac arrest, heart failure, heart attack, and blood pressure regulation, with plans to continue this topic next week.

The Tutor and Student reviewed the anatomy of the heart's chambers and valves, and the electrical conduction system. They then detailed the double circulation of blood through the body, distinguishing between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow in arteries and veins, and analyzed the cardiac cycle including systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac output. The next session will cover heart sounds, blood pressure, and related disorders.